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The Avitzur model shows that if the die angle is too small, you need a very long die (increasing friction). If the die angle is too large, you waste energy through redundant shear deformation. The falls in the middle. Without Avitzur’s analysis, a toolmaker might guess the angle; with it, they can calculate it precisely. This reduces tool wear, improves surface finish, and lowers energy costs. metal forming processes and analysis b. avitzur pdf