The hallmark of VeraCrypt is plausible deniability. A hidden volume resides within the free space of the outer (standard) volume. To the filesystem, the outer volume's free space looks like unused, random data. There is no header to identify a hidden volume. If a user provides the outer volume password, the examiner can mount the decoy volume, but they have no way to mathematically prove a hidden volume exists within the noise. This presents a significant legal and technical challenge.
Every VeraCrypt volume (whether a partition or a file container) begins with a . This 512-byte structure contains the master encryption key (wrapped in a key derivation function, or KDF), the salt, and the volume’s metadata. The header is encrypted and can be backed up to the end of the volume. veracrypt forensics