Research shows Irving predominantly used "domestication" (nearly 80%), adapting cultural-specific Arabic terms into equivalents that are more familiar to Western readers. Accessing the "TB Irving Quran Translation PDF"
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| | Style | Language | Target Audience | Use of "God" vs "Allah" | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | T.B. Irving | Modern, flowing | Contemporary English (post-1950) | General English speaker, new Muslims | Primarily "God" | | Sahih International | Precise, literal | Simple modern English | Serious students, accuracy-focused | "Allah" | | Yusuf Ali | Poetic, ornate | Early 20th-century literary | Traditionalists, those who enjoy extensive commentary | "Allah" | | Pickthall | Formal, majestic | Archaic (thee/thou) | Traditionalists | "Allah" | | Abdel Haleem (Oxford) | Very modern, smooth | 21st-century British English | Academics and general readers | "God" | | | Style | Language | Target Audience