In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Maghrib was colonized by European powers, including France, Spain, and Italy. The colonial period had a profound impact on the region, with many of its natural resources being exploited by the colonial powers.
By 1830, when France invaded Algiers, the Islamic Maghrib was weak, fragmented, and economically behind Europe. The PDF of Abun-Nasr’s history dedicates its final chapters to the collapse of Ottoman authority and the internal reforms that failed to stop French conquest—setting the stage for the colonial era, which the book treats as the end of the "Islamic period." a history of the maghrib in the islamic period pdf