body background-color: var(--c1-light); color: var(--c1-dark);
These are high-risk games where capital is at stake. m.3color3
function color(graph G, vertex v, color assignment a): if v > n: return True for color in 1,2,3: if color not used by neighbors of v: a[v] = color if color(G, v+1, a): return True a[v] = None return False body background-color: var(--c1-light)
The graph 3‑coloring problem (3‑COLOR) asks whether the vertices of a given graph can be assigned one of three colors such that no two adjacent vertices share the same color. This paper reviews the NP‑completeness of 3‑COLOR, describes a basic backtracking algorithm, and analyzes its complexity. The model m.3color3 is used as a running example to illustrate key concepts. color assignment a): if v >