Césaire, Aimé. "Negritude: A Humanism of the Twentieth Century." In Refusal of the Shadow: Surrealism and the Caribbean , edited by Michael Richardson, 122-131. London: Verso, 1996.
Senghor defines Négritude as "the sum of the cultural values of the black world as they are expressed in the life, the institutions, and the works of black men". He argues that African culture offers a unique ontology—a way of being—that is distinct from European rationalism. Key pillars include: Negritude A Humanism Of The Twentieth Century Pdf
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